"Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children is defined for the purposes of this guidance as: protecting children from maltreatment; preventing impairment of children’s mental and physical health or development; ensuring that children grow up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care; and taking action to enable all children to have the best outcomes.“ KCSIE

Please report any concerns you have by clicking on one of the report buttons below.

This will link immediately to the Strategic Leadership Team at the Academy.  You are unlikely to be contacted about your report due to confidentiality.

If you believe a person is at immediate serious risk, please contact the Police by dialling 999.

Statement of Intent

The St Francis and St Clare Multi Academy Company is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare, both physical and emotional, of every pupil both inside and outside each Primary Academy premises.

This policy sets out a clear and consistent framework for delivering this promise, in line with safeguarding legislation and statutory guidance.

It will be achieved by:

  • Creating a culture of safe recruitment by adopting procedures that help deter, reject or identify people who might pose a risk to children.

  • Educating pupils on how to keep safe and to recognise behaviour that is unacceptable.

  • Identifying and making provision for any child that has been subject to abuse.

  • Ensuring that Directors. members of the Academy Committee, the Executive Head/Principal and staff members understand their responsibility, under safeguarding legislation and statutory guidance, to be alert to the signs of child abuse and to refer concerns to the designated safeguarding lead.

  • Ensuring that the all employees and volunteers and those working within each Academy with children and young people are only appointed when all the appropriate checks have been satisfactorily completed.

Support & help

Anyone worried about or suffering from any domestic violence, female genital mutilation, forced marriage, honour-based violence or sexual violence should call the relevant helpline:

The Haven
Domestic Abuse Helpline: (24/7) 08000 194 400
WhatsApp Helpline: (Mon-Fri | 9.00am – 5.00pm) 07719 558 183
Live Chat: (Mon-Fri | 9.00am – 5.00pm) havenrefuge.org.uk
Email: [email protected]
St George's Hub support for male victims - 01902 421904
Karma Nirvana helpline for victims of honour violence and forced marriage - 0800 5999 247
Wolverhampton Adults Social Care - 01902 551199
Wolverhampton Children's Social Care - 01902 555392
West Midlands Forced Marriage and Honour-Based Violence Helpline (24 hrs) - 0800 953 9777
National Domestic Violence helpline for women - 0808 2000 247
National Domestic Violence helpline for men - 0808 8010327
NSPCC FGM helpline - 0800 028 3550
In an emergency, always call police - 999
Black Country Women’s Aid Stalking and Harassment Service – 0121 553 0090 (Mon-Fri, 9am-5pm)
National Stalking Helpline – 0808 802 0300
For more detailed local information please visit
wolverhamptonsafeguarding.org.uk

Exploitation

We know that when young people reach their adolescent years, they spend more and more time outside of the family home which can result in peer groups being more influential than family members.  Unfortunately, this can result in young people being at risk of exploitation, missing episodes, involvement in gangs and youth violence and being the victims of trafficking.  Traditional safeguarding approaches focus on whether a young person is at risk of harm posed within the home, or by the family and particularly looks at the capability and capacity of parents to keep them safe.  For many young people at risk of exploitation, family members are doing everything they can to protect their children, but the pull factors outside of the family home are just too strong.
In an attempt to improve the response in Wolverhampton to young people at risk of exploitation, a significant amount of work has been undertaken to develop a whole system and whole partnership approach.
This has resulted in a number of changes to the local system which includes the introduction of:
  • Review and extension of the role of our Child Exploitation and Missing Operational Group and Multi-Agency Child Exploitation meetings.
  • Partnership Information Reports (PIR) must be completed where professionals have intelligence that can support in safeguarding individuals. PIR’s are not for reporting a crime and all crimes must be reported to the police on 101 or 999 in an emergency.

Children affected by Exploitation and Trafficking (including Gangs)

Definition

‘An individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, control, manipulate or deceive a child, young person (under the age of 18), or adult and exploits them
a) through violence or the threat of violence, and/or
b) for the financial or other advantage of the perpetrator or facilitator and/or
c) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants.  The victim may have been exploited even if the activity appears consensual.
Exploitation does not always involve physical contact, it can also occur through the use of technology.'  
It is important to understand the types of exploitation
  • Trafficking
  • Child Sexual Exploitation
  • Child Criminal Exploitation:
    • Street Gangs
    • Peer Groups
    • Organised Crime Groups (OCGs)
    • County Lines
    • Cuckooing
This will enable you to be aware of the safeguarding complexities surrounding exploitation, gang affiliation and organised criminality affecting children and young people.

Trafficking and Modern Slavery

Trafficking of children is defined as:
Act: recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, and/or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation.
Means: threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation           
Purpose: Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.
(Article 3c of the United Nations Palermo Protocol 2000).
Due to the fact that no young person can consent to being exploited, the ‘means’ of the trafficking legislation can be disregarded, as it is immaterial what measures were used to gain their compliance.
For a trafficking offence to be proved, the act and purpose are the only sections which need evidencing.
Therefore any child moved for exploitative reasons is considered to be a trafficking victim. This is partly because it is not considered possible for children to give informed consent.
Trafficking does not just occur across borders and can refer to children being moved within or between towns and cities. Children do not have to have been physically moved by an offender; they may have travelled independently or on foot but under instruction from the abuser or having been provided with a location. Internal trafficking can include; transporting the victims, arranging the transport, coercing the victim to travel to the destination, receiving the victim at the destination or harbouring.
Children are trafficked for:
  • child sexual exploitation
  • criminal activity, including:
    • cannabis cultivation
    • street crime - such as pickpocketing, begging and bag theft
    • moving drugs
    • benefit fraud
    • immigration fraud
    • selling pirated goods, such as DVDs
  • forced marriage
  • domestic servitude, including:
    • cleaning
    • childcare
    • cooking
  • forced labour, including working in:
    • restaurants
    • nail bars
    • factories
    • agriculture
  • illegal adoption
  • unreported private fostering arrangements (for any exploitative purpose).
This list is not exhaustive and children who are trafficked are often exploited in more than one way.

How child trafficking happens

Traffickers may use grooming techniques to gain the trust of a child, family or community. They may trick, force or persuade children to leave their homes.
Child trafficking can involve a network of organised criminals who recruit, transport and exploit children and young people within or across borders. Some people in the network might not be directly involved in trafficking a child but play a part in other ways – such as falsifying documents, bribery, owning or renting premises, arranging transportation or money laundering (Europol, 2011).
Child trafficking can also be organised by individuals and children's own families.
All cases of trafficked children should be referred to the National Referral Mechanism. Specific public authorities have a ‘duty to notify’ the Secretary of State of any person identified in England and Wales as a suspected victim of human trafficking or slavery. This requirement applies to the police, Local Authorities, the National Crime Agency and the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority.   There is more information on this later in the chapter.
It is helpful to draw on the definition of human trafficking in the Modern Slavery Act 2015 to understand this:
  • A person commits an offence if the person arranges or facilitates the travel of another person (“V”) with a view to V being exploited.
  • It is irrelevant whether V consents to the travel (whether V is an adult or a child).
  • A person may in particular arrange or facilitate V‟s travel by recruiting V, transporting or transferring V, harbouring or receiving V, or transferring or exchanging control over V.
  • A person arranges or facilitates V‟s travel with a view to V being exploited only if the person intends to exploit V (in any part of the world) during or after the travel, or the person knows or ought to know that another person is likely to exploit V (in any part of the world) during or after the travel.
“Travel” means- arriving in, or entering, any country, departing from any country, travelling within any country (which may involve relatively short distances within or from one LA to another).
For further information, please see the Duty to notify guidance

Child Sexual Exploitation

Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) is defined as:
‘Child sexual exploitation is a form of child sexual abuse. It occurs where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, manipulate or deceive a child or young person under the age of 18 into sexual activity (a) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants, and/or (b) for the financial advantage or increased status of the perpetrator or facilitator.
‘The victim may have been sexually exploited even if the sexual activity appears consensual. Child sexual exploitation does not always involve physical contact; it can also occur through the use of technology.’

Child Criminal Exploitation

Child Criminal Exploitation is a form of child abuse. Child Criminal Exploitation has been defined within the Home Office Serious Violence Crime Strategy (2018) where an individual or group takes advantage of an imbalance of power to coerce, control, manipulate or deceive a child or young person under the age of 18 into any criminal activity (a) in exchange for something the victim needs or wants, and/or (b) for the financial or other advantage of the perpetrator or facilitator and/or (c) through violence or the threat of violence. The victim may have been criminally exploited even if the activity appears consensual. Child Criminal Exploitation does not always involve physical contact; it can also occur through the use of technology.
Criminal exploitation is a typology of Modern Day Slavery; the Modern Day Slavery Act 2015  places a duty on local authorities, including services that are commissioned to give due regard to support people who are drawn into modern slavery in which people are exploited for criminal gain.
Practitioners need to be mindful that children who are criminally exploited should be seen as victims and not treated as criminals. They should also be treated through the lens of modern slavery and child safeguarding legislation and practice.
It is important to remember that children and young people being criminally exploited may be trafficked, especially if they are having their travel arranged or facilitated for the purpose of them being exploited. Criminal exploitation is a typology of modern slavery which may mean that a child  or young person becomes a victim of trafficking if they are  recruited, transported, transferred, harboured or received within or into/out of the UK or any other country.
In cases of criminal exploitation (as well as other forms of exploitation) which are associated with gangs we know that powerful, gang members recruit and arrange or facilitate the travel of children, young people (and vulnerable adults) for the purpose of them committing crime on their behalf. This may include selling drugs, carrying firearms and committing robbery. This is exploitation and can fall under the Modern Slavery Act’s definitions of exploitation as:
  • Securing services etc. by force, threats or deception
  • Securing services etc. from children and vulnerable persons
It is important to note that perpetrators of criminal exploitation may themselves be children, young people or vulnerable adults who are criminally exploited and the victims of criminal exploitation may also be at risk of becoming perpetrators.  Children, young people and adults can be coerced, controlled, manipulated or deceived into any criminal activity.
There are various definitions of gangs in various literature reviews but the purposes of this document it will use three types of groups: peer groups, street gangs and organised crime groups.

Labour exploitation

This is where a child is exploited in labour for someone else’s gain. It may involve victims being compelled to work long hours, often in arduous conditions, and to relinquish the majority, if not all, of their wages. It will likely interfere with their education and may also pose a risk to their health. Identity documents may be retained by the traffickers, meaning a young person cannot leave or prove their identity. In many cases, victims are subjected to verbal threats or actual violence to achieve compliance. Particular industries are often represented in known cases of forced labour in the UK, such as manufacturing, catering, beauty, entertainment, agriculture and construction. Often, large numbers of individuals are housed in single dwellings.

Peer Groups

As children enter adolescence peer groups become the most important socialising influence on the behaviour and values of young people. Peer relations serve as a bridge as adolescents move away from their parents/carers and towards independent functioning. It should be remembered that peers have very positive influences; they can promote academic achievement and prosocial behaviours, but the ability for peers to influence or be influenced does mean that negative behaviours can also be modelled.
Groups are formed by adolescents often through common interests or similarities. Young people rejected or ostracised from such groups may become victims or begin to affiliate with more ‘deviant’ peers. Peer victimisation can lead to poor self-concepts as well as internalising and externalising problems. Although deviant peer groups may promote identity and friendship for some adolescents, teens involved in such groups are more likely to be involved in criminal behaviour.
Crime and violence is not intrinsic to the identity or practice of peer groups. Although some peer group gatherings can lead to increased anti-social behaviour and youth offending, these activities should not be confused with the serious violence or criminal activity (such as drug dealing) of a street gang, or criminal activities or an organised crime group.

Street Gangs

A street gang can be described as a relatively durable, predominantly street-based group of children who see themselves (and are seen by others) as a discernible group for whom crime and violence is integral to the group’s identity. A street gang will engage in criminal activity and violence and may lay claim over territory (not necessarily geographical but it can include an illegal economy territory), where they are in conflict with other similar gangs. These gangs have some form of identifying structure featuring a hierarchy usually based on age, physical strength, propensity to violence or older sibling rank. Street gangs are loosely organised, and may be affiliated to older criminals who are members of organised crime groups. Criminal exploitation and gang affiliation is likely to occur in street gangs. To become a gang member there may be certain rites a person will have to complete in order to become accepted as part of the gang. This may involve anti-social or criminal behavior, substance misuse, sexual abuse/exploitation and/or violence.

Organised Crime Group (OCG)

An OCG is a group of individuals normally led by adults. Many of these groups are often loose networks of criminals that come together for a specific criminal activity, acting in different roles depending on their skills and expertise. This involves serious and organised criminality, where organised crime can be defined as serious crime planned, coordinated and conducted by people working together on a continuing basis. Their motivation is often, but not always, financial gain. OCG structures vary. Successful OCGs often consist of a durable core of key individuals. Around them is a cluster of subordinates, specialists, and other more transient members, plus an extended network of associates. Many groups are often loose networks of criminals. Collaboration is often reinforced by shared experiences (such as prison), or recommendation from trusted individuals. Others are bonded by family or cultural ties – some ‘crime families’ are precisely that.
Street gangs and OCGs are a socially and intentionally constructed group of individuals with attitudes, thinking and behaviours geared towards criminality. They will use violence and intimidation, social media and weapons as ‘tools of power’ to violate, challenge and disrespect other gangs. They will also use this level of violence and intimidation against a child that refuses to do particular criminal activities. This may result in threats being made against a child’s family, including threats towards siblings and wider family members, to coerce someone into criminal activity.

County Lines

‘County Lines’ is a form of criminal exploitation and is when gangs and organised crime networks groom and exploit children to sell and/or transport drugs. Often these children are made to travel across counties and they use dedicated mobile phone ‘line’ to supply drugs.
Both street gangs and OCGs criminally exploit children, young people and vulnerable adults to carry out illegal activity on their behalf. Gangs dealing drugs is not a new issue but the extent to which criminal exploitation (often organised) of children and vulnerable adults, as well as the increasing use of violence, has become an inherent part of ‘County Lines’. County Lines drug distribution is a form of Child Criminal Exploitation.
County Lines is a term used to describe gangs and organised criminal networks involved in exporting illegal drugs into one or more importing areas within the UK, using dedicated mobile phone lines or other form of “deal line”. They are likely to exploit children and vulnerable adults to move and store the drugs and money and they will often use coercion, intimidation, violence (including sexual violence) and weapons.
Police Forces across England and Wales have reported a significant increase in violent crime connected to County Lines. The violence includes; murder, rape, stabbings and kidnapping. It is likely that violence is underreported.
Criminals are deliberately targeting vulnerable children – those who are homeless, experiencing learning difficulties, going through family breakdowns, struggling at school, living in care homes or trapped in poverty.
These criminals groom children into trafficking their drugs for them with promises of money, friendship and status. Once they've been drawn in, these children are controlled using threats, violence and sexual abuse, leaving them traumatised and living in fear.
Knife wounds to the buttocks and ‘accidental’ puncture wounds with screw-drivers ‘DIY Injuries’ are becoming recognisable signs of drug debt enforcer retribution. These incidents are more likely to be reported to A&E but not to police due to intimidation and fear.
However they become trapped in criminal exploitation, the young people involved feel as if they have no choice but to continue doing what the criminals want.

Cuckooing

Gangs will establish a base when they are involved in County Lines in the market location, typically by taking over the homes of local vulnerable adults by force or coercion in a practice referred to as “cuckooing”.  Some of the cuckooing signs to look out for include but are not limited to the following:
  • It usually takes place in a multi-occupancy or social housing property
  • There may be an increase in the number of comings and goings, including people you haven’t seen before, throughout the day and night, often visiting for only short periods of time
  • There might be new vehicles outside the property, including taxis or hire cars
  • There may be bags of clothing or bedding around the property
  • There may be a possible increase in crime and anti-social behaviour in and around the property reported to services, including the accumulation and storage of stolen pedal cycles
  • There may be evidence of drug use such as deal bags, discarded syringes, weighing scales, foil and cling film, in and around the property.
It is important to be aware that victims of cuckooing may disengage with support services, and be unwilling to discuss what is happening at their property when the subject is raised with them. There is also the risk that babies and very young children may be living in properties that are being used by gangs which presents significant safeguarding risks.

Risks

The most effective method to prevent children, young people and vulnerable adults becoming involved in gangs and criminal exploitation is early intervention and identification. This will enable preventative services to be implemented at an early stage to support those affected including relevant family members to make positive life choices and distance themselves from gang related activity.
All front line practitioners should be aware of particular risks in relation to all forms of criminal exploitation and gang affiliation.
Any child, young person or vulnerable adult is vulnerable to criminal exploitation and gang affiliation.
Sometimes Gangs actively recruit “clean skins” (individuals without a criminal record) since they are more likely to evade detection or draw attention to themselves from law enforcement agencies.
  • To transport and sell drugs
  • To launder money through personal bank accounts
  • To be trafficked for sexual exploitation
  • To store weapons and money
Sometimes (but not always) vulnerabilities due to recent bereavement, family separation / divorce, domestic discord or some other traumatic event in their life could make people more susceptible to exploitation.
Children, young people and adults may often be at the periphery of involvement for some time before they become active gang members. Children may also follow older siblings into gang involvement. This may provide opportunities for preventative work to be undertaken with children.
Exploitation includes a combination of:
Pull factors: performing tasks for others resulting in them gaining accommodation, food, gifts, status or a sense of safety and belonging, love or being wanted; money or drugs; often the hook is through the perpetrator supplying drugs , alcohols, access to somewhere to “party” to the child or young person.
Push factors: children escaping from situations where their needs are neglected and there is exposure to unsafe individuals, where there is high family conflict or the absence of a primary attachment figure.
Control: Coercion, grooming, manipulation, violence and threats of violence by those exploiting the child particularly when the child is identified by the police, they are expected (by the abuser) to take full responsibility for the offences for which they are charged – i.e. possession and supply of Class A Drugs.
Exploitation interlinks with multiple vulnerabilities and offences including the child or young person being exposed to and/or victim of physical and emotional violence, neglect, sexual abuse and trauma.
According to the Children’s Society[1], the risk to a child or young person, and their family and friends, as a result of experiencing criminal exploitation can include but is not limited to:
  • Physical injuries: risk of serious violence and death and/or work place related injuries
  • Emotional and psychological trauma
  • Sexual violence: sexual assault, rape, indecent images being taken and shared as part of initiation/revenge/punishment, internally inserting drugs – where they can be shown how or made to internally insert and carry drugs in their rectum or vagina
  • Debt bondage: the child/ren and families being “in debt‟ to the exploiters; which is used to control the child/ren, with them believing they have to work for free to pay off the “debt‟. This can also apply if the child is actually robbed, or if they are arrested and have drugs, money or the phone confiscated by police.
  • Neglect and basic needs not being met
  • Living in unclean, dangerous and/or unhygienic environments,
  • Tiredness and sleep deprivation: child is expected to carry out criminal activities over long periods and through the night
  • Poor attendance and/or attainment at school/college
  • No access to family or friends
There is strong evidence that supportive adult–child relationships are essential for child wellbeing[2]. Children or young people who have no access to friends and family are at increased risk of being exploited for criminal or sexual gain. Children or young people who have been placed in local authority care out of their area are particularly vulnerable, especially if there are multiple placements and/or no trusted relationships. For example, relationships between practitioners and vulnerable children are often changing and short-term, which compounds vulnerable children’s difficulty in trusting adults[3].
There are some other factors that can increase the vulnerability that a child or young person will be criminally exploited by others. This can include
  • Child/ Individual: Looked after, learning disabilities, substance misuse, mental health problem, low self esteem, recent loss or bereavement, social isolation, young carer, financially unsupported.
  • Home/family: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which can include: sexual abuse, physical and emotional neglect/abuse, exposed to violence, alcohol/drug addiction, family member in prison, mental health, and parental separation/divorce. Other factors include poverty, children going missing from home or care, lack of positive relationship with a protective, nurturing adult, homelessness or insecure accommodation status.
  • Peers: Exposed to other young people known to be exploited, exposed to or experienced peer on peer abuse
  • Schools/college: Exclusion from school or college and not in education/training or employment, exposed of experience violent crime
  • Neighbourhoods: unsuitable accommodation (hostel / B&B), exposed to violent crime, gangs and deprivation
These vulnerabilities do not mean that a child or young person will be exploited but are factors that could increase the vulnerability, however any child could be groomed or exploited without having these vulnerabilities
Vulnerable locations that gangs target to groom children or young people for criminal exploitation include pupil referral units, alternative education provisions, colleges, special educational needs provisions and care homes/placements, homeless hostels, and community areas such as streets and parks where young people congregate.
Social media, gaming sites and online forums are also used to make contact with and groom children and young people. It is therefore important when any assessment is carried out that knowledge, access and use of these sites for all family members are thoroughly assessed as part of the family and environmental factors.
It is important to remember that a child or young person might not relate to their experience as being abusive or exploitative. The child or young person may feel a sense of “loyalty” and “belonging” to the exploiters, they may feel emotionally fulfilled in a way they haven’t experienced from parents, carers or professionals before. The child or young person may feel they have gained “friends” or “family” and that these people care for him or her. The child or young person may be receiving money or rewards that they have not had access to previously or the money may be supporting their family to cover basic needs. The child or young person may feel a sense of “status” and “power” that they haven’t had before. The child or young person may see themselves as an autonomous drug dealer rather than a victim of exploitation at the bottom of a large organised crime structure.
Bonding (Trauma Bonds) to an individual who someone perceives is a threat to their integrity, treats them harshly but this is interspaced with small kindnesses and for whom they perceive they cannot escape, is a survival mechanism. The brain will prioritise the preservation of this attachment over individual threat response.  This bond can be created in as little as 4 days (it’s possible that technology may accelerate this), it can mean that someone can become completely isolated from the perspective of anyone else other than the abuser. They will develop positive feelings toward their ‘abuser’, Negative feelings toward potential ‘rescuers’ and be supportive of the ‘abuser’s’ reasons and behaviour.
The most effective way to engage a person who is experiencing a trauma bond is to invest time and commitment into creating a positive relationship and continually model positive regard for the person, recognising their identity and strengths rather than solely focusing on their vulnerability and the risk they face.
Exploitation often occurs without the individuals immediate recognition, and with them believing that they are in control of the situation. In all cases, those exploiting the individuals have power over them by virtue of their age, gender, intellect, physical strength and/or economic or other resources. Violence, coercion and intimidation are common, involvement in exploitative relationships being characterised in the main by the individuals limited availability of choice resulting from their social/economic and/or emotional vulnerability.’
The Social Model of Consent to abusive activity presents four areas where professionals and others supporting the individual could actively focus their attention to understand the context of the abuse. They could look at whether the individual is:
  1. Being groomed into exploitation and abuse by adults or other children;
  2. Experiencing poverty and therefore engaging in what has been termed ‘survival activity’;
  3. Influenced by the ‘normalisation of sexual violence’ as projected through violent pornography and/or through peer group patterns that accept violence as part of everyday life;
  4. Overlooked or ignored by a culture of ‘wilful ignorance’, where professionals or others in contact with the individuals turn away from the truth of what is happening.
We have to reform our systems to engage with and address these external influences on an individual who are often inappropriately blamed for apparently consenting to exploitation.” (University of Bedfordshire)
Physical and sexual violence is also way for gang members to gain recognition and respect by asserting their power and authority in the street and within neighbourhoods, with a large proportion of street crime perpetrated against members of other gangs or the relatives of gang members.
[1] The Children’s Society (December 2017) Toolkit for Working with Children and Young People Trafficked for the Purpose of Criminal Exploitation in Relation to ‘County Lines’, pp 2-3
[2] Lewing, B., Doubell, L., Beevers, T., and  Acquah, D. (2018) Building Trusted Relationships for Vulnerable Children and Young People with Public Services, Early Intervention Foundation, p.13
[3] Lewing, B., Doubell, L., Beevers, T., and  Acquah, D. (2018) Building Trusted Relationships for Vulnerable Children and Young People with Public Services, Early Intervention Foundation, p.14

Possible indicators

There are a number of indicators that could alert someone that a child is being exploited
The indicators for exploitation can sometimes be mistaken for ‘normal adolescent behaviours’. It requires knowledge, skills, professional curiosity and an assessment which analyses the risk factors and personal circumstances of individual children/young people to ensure that the signs and symptoms are interpreted correctly and appropriate support is given. Not all individuals with these indicators will experience exploitation. Exploitation can also occur without any of these indicators being present, if you have any concern you should discuss them with your agency safeguarding lead and/or exploitation advisers/leads.
  • Child does not know which country or city they are in.
  • Significant amount of time spent doing household chores
  • Seen in inappropriate places such as brothels or factories
  • Frequent missing episodes and being found out of area
  • Found with large quantities of drugs or weapons
  • Found with drugs inside their mouth, rectum or vagina
  • Unexplained amounts of money, mobiles, credit, clothing, jewellery, new hair cut or other items/gifts
  • Returned from missing episodes with injuries, or dishevelled
  • Change in behaviour; more secretive / withdrawn/isolated from peers or not mixing with usual friends
  • Unexplained absences from, or not engaged in school/ college/ training/ work
  • Increasingly disruptive, hostile or physically aggressive at home or school Including use of sexualised language and language in relation to drug dealing and/or violence
  • Expressions around invincibility or not caring about what happens to them
  • Increased interest in making money
  • Reports being taken to parties, people’s houses, unknown areas, hotels, nightclubs, takeaways or out of area by unknown adults
  • Increasing use of drugs or alcohol
  • Fear of reprisal from “gang” members or violence from young people or adults
  • Having multiple mobile phones, sim cards or use of a phone that causes concern - multiple callers or more texts /pings than usual
  • Possession of hotel keys/cards or keys to unknown premises
  • Disclosure of sexual/ physical assault followed by withdrawal of allegation
  • Abduction or forced imprisonment
  • Entering or leaving vehicles cars with unknown adults
  • Receiving rewards of money or goods for introducing peers
  • Self-harm or significant changes in emotional well-being
  • Agencies unable to engage
  • New peer groups and/or relationships
  • Relationships with controlling /older individuals or groups
  • Parental concerns
  • Repeated STI’s and/or pregnancy/miscarriages/termination of pregnancy
  • Increase referrals to agencies for other known peers
  • Multiple referrals for incidents in the same location
An important feature of gang involvement or exploitation is that, the more heavily a child or young person is involved, the less likely they are to talk about it.
It is important to note that the experience of girls who are criminally exploited can be very different to that of boys. The indicators may not be the same, however professionals should be aware that girls are at risk of criminal exploitation too. It is also important to note that both boys and girls being criminally exploited may be at higher risk of sexual exploitation.

Missing Episodes

There are links between gang involvement and children going missing from home or care. It has been shown by The All Party Parliamentary Group on Missing and Runaway Children and Adults that there are important gender differences in the way a child is treated when they go missing which can increase the vulnerabilities of those affected. Girls are more likely to be reported missing than boys. Girls who go missing from home of care are also more likely to get an appropriate response from police forces. According to The Children’s Society, boys aged 14 to17 are mostly targeted for criminal exploitation, where gangs deliberately groom and traffick a child to carry out particular tasks.
The Children's Society has identified differences in patterns of missing episodes can relate to the different forms of exploitation children may experience. For example, they observed that on average, boys went missing for two weeks, whereas girls went missing for two to three days, perhaps corresponding with boys being trafficked around the UK in their potential involvement in County Lines.
Other considerations that should be taken into account is how boys are viewed within the home and wider society, since boys may be viewed as more capable of looking after themselves and are less likely to be exploited than girls. This may account for some parents/guardians not reporting their son missing for a number of days or not at all. Equally, threats of violence from gang members, including from their child (who they are protecting), may also account for some parents / guardians not reporting their son missing for fear of violent reprisals against themselves and family members.
In suspected cases of radicalisation, Social Workers and Local Authorities are under a duty to refer the case to the local PREVENT Channel Panel, which will then decide the correct, if any, intervention and support to be offered to that individual. Also see chapter 2.2 Safeguarding children and young people against radicalisation and violent extremism

Assessment of risk outside the home (contextual safeguarding)

‘Contextual safeguarding’ is a theory developed by Dr Carlene Firmin of the University of Bedfordshire, which supports an approach to understanding and responding to children’s experiences of significant harm beyond their families. It is recognised that the different relationships children form in their neighbourhoods, schools and online can feature violence and abuse. Parents and carers can have little influence over these contexts and young people’s experiences of extra-familial abuse can undermine parent-child relationships and parent/carer capacity to keep them safe.
When children are exposed to harm within their families such as domestic abuse or physical abuse or neglected this can impact their behaviour outside of their home. Young people in these situations may spend more time in street or community settings and may experience criminality, violence and exploitation.
Contextual interventions need to enhance 1:1 work with children and work with families, including relational working for young people and strengthening the capacity to safeguard beyond families. A Contextual Safeguarding system supports the development of approaches which disrupt/change harmful extra-familial contexts rather than move families/ individuals away from them. While parents/carers are not in a position to change the nature of extra-familial contexts those who manage or deliver services in these spaces are; and they therefore become critical partners in the safeguarding agenda. This approach extends the concept of ‘capacity to safeguard’ beyond families to those individuals and sectors who manage extra-familial settings in which young people encounter risk.

Building trusted relationships

A trusted relationship is fundamental to the successful delivery of a service which depends on the effective engagement of a vulnerable child or young person. It has been described as being key to achieving a successful outcome for a child, and to ensuring that children and young people are confident about discussing their concerns and disclosing issues, or providing a full and accurate account (in the case of the criminal justice system).
The importance of a trusted relationship depends on the level of need and vulnerability of a child or young person. For this reason, the need to build a trusted relationship with children and young people who have been through the care system and previously been let down by adults has been particularly emphasised. In these circumstances, it was said that a trusted relationship can help to reverse the damaging effects of these experiences and to support the emotional development of a child or young person. Without learning how to form a positive relationship there is a danger that a child may reach adulthood unable to trust anybody, which could have a lasting impact on their lives.
Depending on the context in which a trusted relationship is being built, it has been recently been suggested that resilience and outcomes can be improved through:
  • Encouraging a child or young person to persevere when they are struggling with something
  • Giving them a safe and non-judgmental space in which to challenge and explore things that they may be concerned about or not agree with
  • Exposing them to alternative possibilities and perspectives, which can help to raise their aspirations and broaden their options
  • Enabling a child or young person to realise that the issue they are dealing with is ‘not okay’, and to raise their awareness about the risks associated with a particular situation or behaviour
  • Helping children to feel less isolated, as they come to understand that they can share a problem or concern and ask other trusted people to help them overcome it[1].
Children who are resorting to violence have often themselves suffered trauma early in life. Many have been victims themselves, or witnessed domestic violence and abuse in the home at an early age. They have grown up without the emotional tools that children should develop, like empathy towards others, resilience and self-esteem to believe they can succeed in mainstream society (education, employment).
Children who are at risk of offending need consistent, emotional and practical support from their parents/carers and other professionals. Children in care and care leavers are particularly vulnerable due to their low self-esteem, low resilience, attachment issues and the fact that they are often isolated from family and friends.
[1] Lewing, B., Doubell, L., Beevers, T., and  Acquah, D. (2018) Building Trusted Relationships for Vulnerable Children and Young People with Public Services, Early Intervention Foundation, p.16

Secondary victimisation

Children and young people are at high risk of undergoing secondary victimisation by being considered perpetrators of crime rather than victims of exploitation. Equally, there is the risk of victims reliving traumatic experiences by being asked to repeat significant events to various professionals.
Practitioners need to be mindful that children and young people who are criminally exploited should be seen as victims and not treated as criminals. They should also be treated through the lens of modern slavery and child safeguarding legislation and practice. It is important not to use language which blames the victim (e.g. ‘choosing’ to associate with…).
There is evidence that children and young people fear the repercussions of reporting being victims of any criminal activity. Research has found that children identify a range of risks associated with reporting crime including reputational damage, implications for their family and fears of significant physical reprisal.
Children and young people may also blame themselves for victimisation, falsely assuming responsibility for their experiences. Where children and young people feel in any way responsible for their victimisation they are unlikely to report these experiences or seek support[1].
This lack of understanding can have a serious impact on children and young people. Not being equipped with this knowledge means that many have to deal with their experience alone and not seeking necessary support available to them. Not reporting also means that they be unable to make the offending behaviour stop, or to seek justice and redress for their suffering.
To support children to address any issues of self-blame, specific counselling, support and assistance services should be available to provide appropriate support and safeguard those who are most vulnerable.
[1] Victim Support (2017) Children and Young People Affected by Crime, Policy Statement, p.3

Protection and action to be taken

Any agency or practitioner who has concerns that a child may be at risk of harm as a consequence of exploitation, trafficking or gang activity should contact their relevant Children’s Social Care Service and Police Force. Local safeguarding procedures should be followed when making referrals.
In any referral where there is evidence a child is at significant risk as a result of exploitation, trafficking or gang affiliation, it is important to clearly state:
  • Child’s name
  • Date of birth
  • Address
  • Any known gang associations (name of gang/s)
  • Risk factors (refer to the indicators outlined in this policy)
Subject to the information provided, local pathways should be followed if there is evidence a child is at significant risk of gang affiliation and / or sexual/criminal exploitation. This also applies when a child is at risk of trafficking. The purpose of this pathway is to enable the agencies to decide what action should be taken to safeguard and promote the welfare of the child.
Referrals should not be withheld because the current risk seems low or because the young person does not yet have a significant offending history. Further information held by other agencies may clarify the need for intervention.
If you suspect or believe that a child is suffering or is likely to suffer significant harm or any form of mistreatment or abuse, you should report your concerns immediately to your respective Children’s Services / MASH or equivalent service. If this happens outside normal office hours then call the Emergency Duty Team.
You should consult your local procedures for specific risk assessment tools and pathways in relation to exploitation.
In response to information, consideration should be given to utilising the Home Office Child Exploitation Disruption Toolkit.

Reporting an Incident of Modern Slavery

Where there are reasonable grounds to suspect a child to be a victim of Modern Slavery and trafficking offences:
  • This should be reported to the police (phone 101 or in an emergency 999) in order for them to investigate the offences committed (i.e. Modern Slavery and trafficking offences)
  • A referral should be made to the local MASH (or equivalent service) as trafficking and exploitation means a child could be at risk of or experienced significant harm and Child Protection processes need to be followed.
  • If trafficking is know or suspected, a referral to National Referral Mechanism must be made by a First responder (Police and Children's Services are first responders). Ideally this should include information gathered from a range of agencies who have had contact with the child.
For further information about the NRM, please see the Duty to notify guidance.

What does the duty to notify mean in practice?

There are 2 ways to satisfy the duty to notify depending on whether a case has been referred to the NRM or not:
  1. Sending an NRM referral form to the Single Competent Authority
    1. When an NRM referral form is sent to the SCA this will satisfy the duty to notify. As children do not need to consent to enter the NRM this method to satisfy the duty to notify in cases involving children must always be used.
    2. Once a case has been referred to the NRM in the normal way there is no need to send a copy of the form to the duty to notify mailbox.
  2. Sending an MS1 form to a dedicated mailbox [email protected].
Where an adult, 18 or over, does not consent to the referral they should not be referred into the NRM. In such cases an MS1 form should be completed and sent to the duty to notify inbox to satisfy the duty to notify. The MS1 form should be completely anonymous if the potential victim does not consent to their details being shared.
A duty to notify referral should not be relied upon to safeguard potential child victims. Matters giving rise to child trafficking or exploitation concerns should be subject to multi-agency discussion and co-ordination using the provisions of the Children Act 1989 where the appropriate threshold has been met.
The National Referral Mechanism is a single framework centred on victim identification and referral to appropriate support. First responders (which may include police, Immigration authorities, local authorities and certain NGOs) should refer all suspected victims of trafficking to the Single Competent Authority for a decision on whether the individual is a victim of trafficking to be made within 48 hours. A first responder will complete a referral form recording their encounter with a potential victim. Sufficient information will be included to enable a decision on whether the subject has "reasonable grounds" for being treated as a victim of trafficking. A reasonable grounds decision includes "I suspect but cannot prove". General indicators of a potential victim's behaviour, circumstances and responses to questions will assist in the assessment.
The competent authority aims to make reasonable grounds decisions within 5 days of receiving a referral and emergency support is available for potential victims who would otherwise be destitute during this time. A positive reasonable grounds decision entitles the potential victim to a ‘reflection and recovery’ period for a minimum of 45 days, and until the conclusive grounds decision is made. During this time, adult victims receive accommodation and subsistence, specialist support including counselling, access to physical and mental health care, and signposting to services including legal aid. Child victims are supported by local authorities under their statutory safeguarding duties.
Section 45 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 created a defence for trafficking victims who commit certain offences when they are compelled to do so (in the case of adults) or when they commit them as a direct consequence of being a victim of slavery / exploitation, if a reasonable person, in the same situation with the same “relevant characteristics” would do the relevant act (in the case of children), on or after 31 July 2015. Under Section 45:
  1. A person is not guilty of an offence if -
    1. The person is aged 18 or over when the person does the act which constitutes the offence;
    2. The person does that act because they were compelled to do it;
    3. The compulsion is attributable to slavery or relevant exploitation, and
  2. A reasonable person in the same situation as the person and having the person's relevant characteristics would have no realistic alternative to doing that act. A person may be compelled to do something by another person or by the person's circumstances.
  3. Compulsion is attributable to slavery or to relevant exploitation only if -
    1. It is, or is part of, conduct which constitutes an offence under Section 1 (MSA) or conduct which constitutes relevant exploitation, or
    2. It is a direct consequence of a person being, or having been, a victim of slavery or a victim of relevant exploitation.
  4. A person is not guilty of an offence if -
    1. The person is under the age of 18 when the person does the act which constitutes the offence,
    2. The person does that act as a direct consequence of the person being, or having been, a victim of slavery or a victim of relevant exploitation, and
    3. A reasonable person in the same situation and having the person's relevant characteristics would do that act.
  5. For the purposes of this section –
    • ‘relevant characteristics’ mean age, sex and any physical or mental illness or disability;
    • ‘relevant exploitation’ is exploitation (within the meaning of Section 3) that is attributable to the exploited person being or having been, a victim of human trafficking.

Osman warning - threat to life

Sometimes, if there is a possible ‘threat to life’, it may result in the Police issuing an Osman Warning to a person whose life is identified as being threatened. The notice covers threats to life or serious injury, often where there is not enough evidence to justify the arrest of an offender (for example where police receive intelligence relating to a threat, but no direct evidence) or in cases where an arrest can be made but the suspect cannot be traced. The police can also serve “reverse OSMAN warnings” on the potential source of the threat.
If there is an immediate threat to life of a child, young person or their family members with whom they live or spend time, an automatic referral by the Police to Children’s Social Services should take place.  This should initiate a Strategy Discussion and consideration of the need for immediate safeguarding action, unless to do so would place the child and family members living with the child at greater risk.

Cross-border issues

The threat of organised criminality is not confined to geographical boundaries. Pathways into criminality are diverse and differ between crime types. Individuals can be coerced, corrupted, debt-bound, groomed and exploited, or even offend unwittingly. Forged identity documents (particularly EEA identity documents) and fraudulently obtained genuine documents remain a key enabler of criminal activities. Many exploiters are highly flexible and display great adaptability in the speed with which they adjust their modi operandi or whole business models to changes in the environment.
People involved in exploitation will take advantage of organisational and geographical vulnerabilities since they know there are weaknesses in the way different organisations operate both internally and externally.
The National Crime Agency[1] highlights there are a number of factors that help determine why groups might embark on County Lines activity. These include the perception of ‘space’ in drug markets outside of urban areas and the anticipation of increased profits because of less capable competition. Operating outside of their own areas, where they are ‘known’ and subject to law enforcement targeting, often gives groups the perception of increased anonymity. It is important these risks and associated threats are reduced by working effectively to share intelligence in a timely manner.
There may be occasions where a child may want to live with each parent/carer (if they are not living together) during the week, especially if the child feels threatened or intimidated by others where they normally reside. This may increase the child’s vulnerabilities since relevant safeguarding parties may not be aware of the family circumstances if child is living in different parts of the West Midlands or in other parts of the UK. Similarly, there may be occasions where a child is educated outside their Local Authority area. This may also increase the child’s vulnerabilities since relevant safeguarding parties may not be aware of all of the family circumstances to take appropriate safeguarding actions to reduce the risks associated to gang affiliation or criminal exploitation.
It is vital that information is shared to address any cross border concerns. Relevant front line and back office staff need to keep abreast of any changes in family circumstances and emerging threats to support any intervention, prevention and enforcement work.
[1] National Crime Agency (2015) Intelligence Assessment – County Lines, Gangs and Safeguarding, p.2

Useful tools and powers

Home Office Child Exploitation Disruption Toolkit - Disruption tactics for those working to safeguard children and young people under the age of 18 from sexual and criminal exploitation.
Criminal, Civil and Partnership Disruption Options for Perpetrators of Child and Adult Victims of Exploitation - This toolkit aims to provide guidance for relevant agencies, to assist in combatting exploitation. It provides a menu of options to consider in developing disruption and safeguarding plans.
Further information about other disruption tools and powers can be found in the 'Disrupting Serious and Organised Criminals - Menu of Tactics' . This document has been produced by The What Works Centre for Crime Reduction, which is part of the College of Policing. The document is a tool designed to assist anyone involved in tackling organised crime by identifying a range of tactical options to disrupt those criminals. The Menu is a collation of a range of existing tactics and powers which are available to law enforcement and partner agencies.  It is aimed at prompting a creative, problem-solving approach to disrupting criminal activity.

Key legislation

Crime and Disorder Act 1998 - listed Responsible and Co-operating Authorities have a statutory responsibility to do all that they reasonably can to prevent crime and disorder in their area and share information to protect communities from serious and organised crime. Publically commissioned private and voluntary sector providers must also contribute to prevention efforts through due diligence and information sharing to protect communities from serious and organised crime.
Children’s Act 1989 and 2004 - outlined the statutory requirements each agency working with Children and Families must adhere to, to ensure that there is a co-ordinated approach to safeguarding.
Modern Slavery Act 2015 - provides the legislative framework to equip law enforcement agencies and local partners to effectively prosecute and convict the perpetrators of modern slavery. The Act consolidated and simplified previous slavery and human trafficking legislation in England and Wales into a single statute, and introduced provisions to strengthen law enforcement and afford better protection to victims.
Serious Crime Act 2015 - improved the legislative powers available to local partners to tackle serious and organised crime. This Act gave effect to a number of proposals and commitments made in the Government’s Serious and Organised Crime Strategy (2013) and updated existing law dealing with the cyber-crime, serious crime prevention orders, gang injunctions, child cruelty, female genital mutilation (FGM) and the commission of certain terrorism offences abroad. When this Act was introduced it included a new offence of participating in the activities of an organised crime group and a strengthened preventative capability through Serious Crime Protection Orders. Councils should work alongside law enforcement agencies, sharing relevant intelligence, to make the best use of these new powers to disrupt and halt such crime.
Criminal Finances Act 2017 - introduced new powers to help law enforcement agencies tackle money laundering, corruption, terrorist finance and recover the proceeds of crime.
Children and Social Work Act 2017 – identified safeguarding partners are required to make arrangements to work together and with relevant agencies to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in the area.

Further information

  • Bedfordshire University: The International Centre: Researching child sexual exploitation, violence and trafficking, the only research centre in Europe exclusively focusing on child sexual exploitation and trafficking.
  • Home Office (April 2018) Serious Violence Strategy, which is available at   https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/serious-violence-strategy
  • Youth Justice Legal Centre (2018) Child criminal exploitation and gang affiliation: County Lines Gangs, Child Trafficking & Modern Slavery Defences for Children
  • The Children’s Society (December 2017) Toolkit for Working with Children and Young People Trafficked for the Purpose of Criminal Exploitation in Relation to ‘County Lines’
  • All Party Parliamentary Group (March 2017) APPG on Runaway and Missing Children and Adults: Briefing report on the roundtable on children who go missing and are criminally exploited by gangs
  • Home Office (2017) Criminal Exploitation of Children and Vulnerable Adults: County Lines
  • National Crime Agency (2017) Violence, Exploitation & Drug Supply, National Briefing Report
  • National Crime Agency (2017) National Strategic Assessment of Serious and Organised Crime
  • Home Office (2016) Ending Gang Violence and Exploitation
  • Home Office (2016) Lessons Learned: Troubled Families at Risk of Involvement in Serious and Organised Crime
  • National Crime Agency (2016) County Lines Gang Violence, Exploitation & Drug Supply, National Briefing Report
  • Disley, E. and Liddle, M. (2016) Local Perspectives in Ending Gang and Youth Violence, Home Office
  • National Crime Agency (2016) National Strategic Assessment of Serious and Organised Crime
  • Home Office (2015) Individuals at Risk of Being Drawn into Serious and Organised Crime – A Prevent Guide
  • Early Intervention Foundation (2015) What Works to Prevent Gang Involvement, Youth Violence and Crime: A Rapid Review of Interventions delivered in the UK and Aboard
  • Early Intervention Foundation (2015) Preventing Gang and Youth Violence: A Review of Risk and Protective Factors
  • National Crime Agency (2015) NCA National Intelligence Assessment, County Lines, Gangs and Safeguarding
  • EUROPOL (2014) Child Trafficking for Exploitation in Forced Criminal Activities
  • Home Office (2013) Serious and Organised Crime Strategy